China’s navy test-launched a long-range ballistic missile yesterday from one of its nuclear-powered submarines in the South Pacific, a rare act that drew protests and concern from countries in the region.
The missile carried a dummy warhead, according to the official Xinhua News Agency.
China last conducted a missile test in the Pacific two years ago, firing an intercontinental ballistic missile with a dummy warhead, the first since 1980.
The AP reports that the 2024 launch mirrored the testing the United States conducts for its own ballistic missile fleet, which experts viewed as an assertion of China’s growing superpower status.
Yesterday’s launch was part of routine annual training, complied with international law and practice and was not directed against any country or target, according to a short statement from Xinhua, which was reposted by the Ministry of Defence.
The AP says Beijing’s militarization has drawn concerns, and Australia, Japan and New Zealand criticized the launch.
The New Zealand government said it was informed hours beforehand and noted that the missile was fired into the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone.
The zone was established by the 1986 Treaty of Rarotonga, which prohibits nuclear weapons throughout the region.
China ratified the protocols in 1987, pledging not to test nuclear weapons within the zone or threaten to use them against signatories with territory in the region.
The launch took place the same day Australia and Fiji signed a new mutual defence treaty meant to counter Chinese influence in the Pacific.
Australia’s Foreign Minister Penny Wong told reporters in response to the test that Australia has been clear with China that they regard this as destabilizing to the region.
Fijian Prime Minister, Sitiveni Rabuka has not made any comments when approached on China conducting the test.
Japan’s Defence Ministry in a statement expressed concern about China’s increasing military activity and urged Beijing to “rethink” its missile testing so that the projectiles would not fly over Japan or pose other security risks.
Chief Cabinet Secretary Minoru Kihara said in Japan that China’s military activities, combined with its lack of transparency, have become a grave concern for Japan and the international society.
Beijing brushed off the criticism.
A Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson said they hope that the relevant countries will avoid overinterpretation.
Drew Thompson, senior fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore said the concern is a result of a lack of clear information as China’s military modernization and buildup have occurred without concurrent increases in openness and transparency, resulting in uncertainty about China’s intentions.
Lyle Morris, a senior fellow at Asia Society Policy Institute’s Center for China Analysis, said the launch was the first publicly acknowledged test with a dummy warhead from a nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine of the Chinese navy to travel this far into the Pacific.
Morris said it is noteworthy that the information available shows Japan, New Zealand and Australia received notifications in advance, but not the U.S.
China has a fleet of six ballistic-missile submarines and 59 nuclear-powered attack submarines, according to the Nuclear Threat Initiative, a Washington-based think tank.
In its latest report to Congress on China’s military capabilities, released in late 2025, the Pentagon said China had an estimated stockpile of around 600 nuclear warheads in 2024, adding that the PLA remains on track to field more than 1,000 nuclear warheads by 2030.
